Title

layout: true
<slide-template title="Quantum Computing" subtitle="Quantum Annealing Versus Grover's Search: Optimizing Transaction Schedules"></slide-template>

---
class: title-slide, center, middle

<title-slide titletype="Lecture" title="Quantum Computing" modulenumber="(CS5070)" subtitle="Quantum Annealing Versus Grover's Search: Optimizing Transaction Schedules"></title-slide>

---
# Platform-specific .darkblue[types of DBMS]

---
<table>
<tr>
<td style="vertical-align:top;" width="50%">
.more-condensed[
.bold[Polyglot Persistence]
<img src="../../img/keynotes/PolyglotPersistence.svg" align="top" width="100%"></img>
<span class="darkredbackground filledCircle">-</span> .darkred[data sources: integration] at application level<br/>
<span class="darkredbackground filledCircle">-</span> .darkred[performance] of data processing cannot be fully optimized<br/>
<span class="darkredbackground filledCircle">-</span> .darkred[fault-tolerance] cannot be transparently offered across the different databases<br/>
<span class="darkredbackground filledCircle">-</span> .darkred[zoo of query languages]<br/>
<span class="darkgreenbackground filledCircle">+</span> .darkgreen[features of different] types of .darkgreen[databases] can be used
]
</td><td style="vertical-align:top;" width="50%">
.more-condensed[
.bold[Multi-Model DBMS (MM-DBMS)]
<div class="textcenter"><img src="../../img/keynotes/MMDBMS.svg" align="top" width="50%"></img></div>
<span class="darkgreenbackground filledCircle">+</span> full and uniform .darkgreen[data integration] at database level<br/>
<span class="darkgreenbackground filledCircle">+</span> .darkgreen[performance]: fully optimized across different data models<br/>
<span class="darkgreenbackground filledCircle">+</span> transparent .darkgreen[fault-tolerance]<br/>
<span class="darkgreenbackground filledCircle">+</span> SQL .darkgreen[standards]:<br/>.small-font22[relational ('87), XML ('03), temporal ('11), JSON ('16), Multi-dimensional Arrays ('19), schemaless ('19), streams ('20?), property graphs ('21?)]<br/>
<span class="darkredbackground filledCircle">-</span> .darkred[features of different] types of .darkred[databases can.bold[not] be used]
]
</td>
</tr>
</table>

---

# .darkblue[Federated] DBMS

.more-condensed.no-padding.no-margin[
<ul>
<li>.darkblue[Bottom-up-integration of] existent .darkblue[databases]</li>
<li>mostly .darkblue[independent DBMS] with private conceptual database schemes</li>
<li>partially enabling .darkblue[external accesses] (.darkblue[in cooperation])</li>
<li>.darkblue[heterogeneity of data models and transaction management possible] (but .darkblue[relational DBMS] in .darkblue[most] times)</li></ul>
<span class="darkredbackground filledCircle">-</span> problems with .darkblue[semantic heterogeneity]<br/>
<span class="darkredbackground filledCircle">-</span> .darkblue[transparency in distribution only partially] achievable
]

---

# .darkblue[One Size]-Approach

- M. Stonebraker, U. Cetintemel. .citation.darkblue["One Size Fits All": An Idea Whose Time Has Come and Gone].<br/>ICDE 2005
  - .citation[The last 25 years of commercial DBMS development can be summed up in a single phrase: "One size fits all".]
  - .citation[...this concept is no longer applicable to the database market...]
- .darkblue[Our approach: .bold[Enlarge the size!]]
  - .darkblue[Over the boundaries and limitations of single platforms and] their .darkblue[specialized approaches]
  - .darkblue[Increase transparency, performance and ease of use]

---

# .darkblue[Hybrid Multi-Model Multi-Platform (HM3P) Database]

.reference[S. Groppe, J. Groppe, Hybrid Multi-Model Multi-Platform (HM3P) Databases, DATA 2020.]

.more-condensed[
<img src="../../img/keynotes/HM3PDatabase.svg" align="top" width="100%"></img>
<span class="darkgreenbackground filledCircle">+</span> full and uniform .darkgreen[data integration] at database level<br/>
<span class="darkgreenbackground filledCircle">+</span> .darkgreen[performance]: fully optimized across different data models<br/>
<span class="darkgreenbackground filledCircle">+</span> transparent .darkgreen[fault-tolerance]<br/>
<span class="darkgreenbackground filledCircle">+</span> SQL .darkgreen[standards]: .small-font22[relational ('87), XML ('03), temporal ('11), JSON ('16), Multi-dimensional Arrays ('19), schemaless ('19), streams ('20?), property graphs ('21?)]<br/>
<span class="darkgreenbackground filledCircle">+</span> <span class="bold">.darkgreen[features of different] types of .darkgreen[databases running on different platforms] can be used
</span>]

---

# Variant: .darkblue[Semantic] HM3P (.darkblue[S]HM3P) DB

.reference[S. Groppe, Semantic Hybrid Multi-Model Multi-Platform (SHM3P) Databases, ISIC 2021.]

.more-condensed.no-padding.no-margin[
<img src="../../img/keynotes/SHM3P.svg" align="top" width="100%"></img>
<ul>
<li><span class="darkblue">Semantic Layer as glue</span> between other models and platforms</li>
<li><span class="darkblue">new challenges</span> like integrating different types of reasoners in a transparent global reasoner</li>
</ul>
<span class="darkgreenbackground filledCircle">+</span> .darkgreen[Features of HM3P] databases<br/>
<span class="darkgreenbackground filledCircle">+</span> Easier .darkgreen[data integration]<br/>
<span class="darkredbackground filledCircle">-</span> .darkblue[Performance issues] may occur due to semantic layer
]

---

# .darkblue[Types of DBMS]

.more-condensed.no-padding.no-margin[
<img src="../../img/keynotes/(S)(H)(MM)(MP).svg" align="top" width="100%"></img>
]

---
# .darkblue[Multi-Platform Development] of DBMS

.more-more-condensed[
- <img src="../../img/keynotes/ISO_C++_Logo.svg" align="top" height="40px"></img> .darkblue[Native Binaries] via C/C++
  - support of a new platform: .darkblue[porting code] is necessary
  - code .darkblue[close to hardware, fast execution]
  - direct access to .darkblue[native libraries]
  - .darkred[doesn't run in browser]
  - .darkblue[most server DBMS]: C/C++ code
- <img src="../../img/keynotes/Java-Logo.svg" align="top" height="40px"></img> .darkblue[Java]/Java Virtual Machine (JVM)
  - runs on .darkblue[many platforms (without porting code)]
  - interpreted bytecode, via Just-In-Time compilation .darkblue[comparable speed to native] execution
  - .darkred[no] direct access to .darkred[native libraries]
  - .darkred[does neither run on iPhone nor in browser]
  - .darkblue[many NoSQL/NewSQL/Cloud DBMS]: Java (or JVM language like Scala) code
- .darkblue[Code generation for query processing] via C/C++ or Janino-Compiler (JVM)
]

---
# .darkblue[Multi-Platform Development] with <img src="../../img/keynotes/Kotlin-Logo-Text.svg" align="top" height="35px"></img>

<table>
<tr>
<td style="width:205px" class="small-font no-margin">
.bold[Targets:]
  <div class="textcenter"><img src="../../img/kotlin/KotlinTargets.svg" align="top" width="100%"></img></div>
</td>
<td class="topalign">
.more-condensed[
- .darkblue[Most target platforms] are supported
- Splitting the project in .darkblue[platform-.bold[in]dependent and platform-dependent code]
  - Platform-dependent code can be partly coded .darkblue[in the programming language of the target platform]<br/>.darkgray[(e.g., Java for JVM, JS for Web)]
- Enables .darkblue[one code repository for various target platforms]
  - Sharing of code between server & .darkgray[(various)] clients
- .darkblue[Avoids efforts to port code]<br/>.darkgray[(into other programming languages)]
]
</td>
</tr>
</table>

---
# .darkblue[Multi-Platform Development] with <img src="../../img/keynotes/Kotlin-Logo-Text.svg" align="top" height="35px"></img>

.more-more-condensed[
- .darkblue[Common Module]
  - .darkblue[Code independent of platforms] containing declarations for platform dependent code without implementation.darkgray[, e.g.:]
.small-font.small-margin-bottom.no-text-indent[```kotlin2
expect fun formatString(source: String, vararg args: Any): String
expect annotation class Test
```]
- .darkblue[Platform Module]
  - .darkblue[Implementation of] within the common module .darkblue[declared platform-dependent code] .darkgray[(and other platform-dependent code), e.g.:]
.small-font.small-margin-bottom.no-text-indent[```kotlin2
actual fun formatString(source: String, vararg args: Any) = 
                                                     String.format(source, args)
actual typealias Test = org.junit.Test
```]
- .darkblue[Regular Module]
  - .darkblue[depend on platform modules or platform modules depend on this module]
- .bold[However:] .darkred.bold[High compilation times], .darkgreen.bold[faster]: Including different sets of source code directories for different targets and configurations (e.g., centralized, Cloud, P2P, browser, ...)
]

---
# .darkblue[The Power of Multi-Platform: LUPOSDATE3000]

.more-more-condensed[
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="halfwidth" style="vertical-align:top">
.more-more-condensed[
- .darkblue[ultra-fast in jvm]...
  <div class="textcenter" style="line-height:0.6;"><img src="../../img/keynotes/LUPOSDATE3000Experiments.svg" align="top" class="fullwidth"></img><br/>.smaller-font[<a href="https://doi.org/10.18420/btw2021-12" target="_blank">B. Warnke, M.W. Rehan, S. Fischer, S. Groppe: Flexible data partitioning schemes for parallel merge joins in semantic web queries in: BTW'21</a>]</div>
]
</td>
<td class="halfwidth" style="vertical-align:top">
.more-more-condensed[
- ...but also .darkblue[enabling web demos running completely in] the .darkblue[browser!]
    <div class="textcenter" style="line-height:0.6;"><video controls="controls" preload="preload" class="fullwidth">
  <source src="https://www.ifis.uni-luebeck.de/~groppe/soundofdatabases/resources/CommonSubexpressions.mp4">
  Your browser does not support the video element!
</video><br/><span class="smaller-font"><a href="http://www.vldb.org/pvldb/vol14/p2695-groppe.pdf" target="_blank">S. Groppe, R. Klinckenberg, B. Warnke. Sound of Databases: Sonification of a Semantic Web Database Engine. PVLDB, 14(12), 2021</a></span></div>
]
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
]

---

# Using .darkblue[Hardware Accelerator] for optimizing Transaction Schedules
.reference[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1145/3410566.3410593" target="_blank">T. Bittner, S. Groppe, Avoiding Blocking by Scheduling Transactions using Quantum Annealing, IDEAS 2020</a>]

---

# .small-font32.bold[.darkblue[2 Phase Locking (2PL)] versus .darkblue[Strict Conservative 2PL]]
.reference[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1145/3410566.3410593" target="_blank">T. Bittner, S. Groppe, Avoiding Blocking by Scheduling Transactions using Quantum Annealing, IDEAS 2020</a>]

.more-condensed[
- .darkblue[required locks] to be determined by
  - .darkblue[static analysis] of transaction, .darkgray[or if static analysis is not possible:]
  - an .darkblue[additional phase at runtime] before transaction processing
      - <span class="darkgray">A. Thomson et al., "Calvin: Fast distributed transactions for partitioned database systems", SIGMOD 2012.</span>
]

---

# .em[Optimizing] .darkblue[Transaction Schedules]

.reference[$^*$ M.R. Garey, D.S. Johnson and R. Sethi, The Complexity of Flowshop and Jobshop Scheduling, 1(2):117-129, 1976]

.more-more-condensed[
- Variant of job shop schedule problem (JSSP):
  - Multi-Core CPU
      - Process whole <span class="darkblue">job (here transaction) on core X</span>
  - .darkblue[Schedule: $\forall$ cores: Sequence of jobs] to be processed
  - What is the .darkblue[optimal schedule] for minimal overall processing time? 
- .darkgray[Additionally to JSSP:]<br/>.darkblue[Blocking transactions not] to be processed .darkblue[in parallel]
- Example:
<table class="fullwidth">
<tr>
<td style="width:30%"><img src="../../img/keynotes/BlockingTransactions.svg" align="top" width="100%"></img><div class="small-font18 textcenter">Black: Blocking transactions</div></td>
<td style="width:5%"></td>
<td style="width:30%"><img src="../../img/keynotes/DistributionOfTransactions.svg" align="top" width="100%"></img><div class="small-font18 textcenter">Transaction schedule</div></td>
<td style="width:35%">.more-more-condensed[
- JSSP is among the .darkblue[hardest combinatorial optimizing problems]$^*$
- $\Rightarrow$ .darkblue[Hardware accelerating] the optimization of transaction schedules
]</td>
</tr>
</table>
]

---

# Architectures of .darkblue[Emergent Hardware]
.reference[Extended from <a target="_blank" href="http://www.imprs-dynamics.mpg.de/pdfs/Plessl_talk.pdf">C. Plessl, Accelerating Scientific Computing with Massively Parallel Computer Architectures, IMPRS Winter School, Wroclaw, 2012</a>]

---

# <img src="../../img/keynotes/QuantumComputer.svg" align="top" width="10%"></img> .darkblue[Quantum Computer]